When crises affect our health
Dec. 2021Critical life events
Leitartikel. The death of a loved one, divorce, losing a job – one of these critical life events can affect every one of us sooner or later. People need the right support to ensure that their health does not suffer long-term harm after an event of this kind.
Critical life events can throw us off balance, turn our lives upside-down and disrupt our routines. They can have serious repercussions on our health, cause anxiety and depression, and can intensify and prolong existing medical conditions. The Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) has a long-standing focus on this subject and on the effects of crises on people’s health. The FOPH has incorporated this issue into many measures and strategies, among them the Strategy for the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), the addiction strategy, measures relating to mental health and the action plan on suicide prevention.
In this issue of spectra we look at people’s health throughout their lifetime, the events that can have a lasting impact on our health and at strategies for coping with these events. The good news is that, although we all experience several critical events in the course of our lives, very few people suffer lasting harm as a result. Humans have developed protective mechanisms that enable them to cope with events of this kind and to grow as a result of them.
Events that traumatise
What is a critical life event? In addition to the examples mentioned before, events that can traumatise people also include physical violence, rape, sexual abuse in childhood and, in broader terms, also economic crises, war, natural disasters such as floods or a pandemic.
The risk of long-term damage to body and mind increases particularly if traumatic events take place over an extended period of time or repeatedly, leaving the affected person feeling powerless and unable to do anything about it. Unemployment illustrates this situation well. Studies show that unemployed people have poorer health and that their health declines the longer they are unemployed.
This was the background against which the FOPH commissioned a study in 2020 to look at the effects of this type of event on the health of the Swiss population. Dario Spini, a professor at the University of Lausanne, and his team compiled a total of 94 studies and then analysed the effects that events such as starting a first job, the birth of a child or retirement have on alcohol and tobacco consumption, on physical activity and on body weight.
Spini’s study documents some known effects, such as that people in a relationship live more healthily because they generally drink less alcohol and smoke less. But some rather surprising effects also emerged, for example that involuntary retirement can have a negative impact on alcohol and tobacco consumption.
Natural disasters such as floods are among the events that can trigger trauma in people.
Learn at a young age to handle crises
People cope with a traumatic event in different ways. Scientists have identified a number of factors that help us to overcome a crisis more successfully. These protective factors include, for example, learning at a young age to handle crises. A person who has managed crises successfully in childhood or adolescence is better equipped to handle the next crisis. This experience acts like a vaccine, reinforcing that person’s resilience (resilience is a person’s ability to adapt to new situations; it describes a person’s robustness).
Another important protective factor is social support. This includes the ability to seek and also accept help. At the same time it also means a person’s environment, family and friends who provide support, and also an employer who is willing to work with the person to find a temporary solution in a crisis. There are different types of social support, such as instrumental support, i.e. practical assistance in the form of doing someone’s shopping or driving them to appointments. Social support also includes emotional support, providing comfort and cheering a person up, or providing information (explaining where they can get help).
Studies of social support show that people who have a good network, who are part of a system of giving and taking, have demonstrably better health opportunities and can be sure of getting support in a crisis situation.
Schutzfaktoren stärken
Wichtig ist, diese Schutzfaktoren zu stärken. Aber es geht auch darum, dafür zu sorgen, dass vermeidbare Ereignisse erst gar nicht eintreten. Stichworte hier sind Unfallverhütung, Arbeitsschutz, Suizidprävention und vieles mehr. Paarberatungskurse können dazu beitragen, eine Scheidung zu verhindern. Angebote für pflegende Angehörige können Entlastung schaffen, bevor die Situation eskaliert.
Ein wichtiges Instrument für die frühzeitige Erkennung von kritischen Lebensereignissen ist die sogenannte «Früherkennung und Frühintervention» (F+F), die auch vom BAG unterstützt und gefördert wird. F+F eignet sich für verschiedene Settings und Lebensphasen, etwa in der frühen Kindheit oder bei Jugendlichen, aber auch bei älteren Menschen im Übergang in die Pensionierung oder bei Einsamkeit.
Es gibt Lebenssituationen, in denen Kinder und Jugendliche besonders verletzlich sind, zum Beispiel bei einem Todesfall eines nahestehenden Menschen oder bei einer Scheidung der Eltern. In der Folge kann es zu einem übermässigen Suchtmittelkonsum kommen, zu psychischen Problemen oder zu einem ungesunden Lebensstil. Die F+F ist ein etabliertes und wirksames Instrument, um Probleme zu erkennen und Hilfestellungen zu finden. Dies zeigen die Erfahrungen mit entsprechenden F+F-Massnahmen in der Suchtprävention bei gefährdeten Kindern und Jugendlichen.
Die Kontrolle behalten
Wenn die Person bereits erkrankt ist, ist die Selbstmanagement-Förderung ein weiteres Instrument, um wieder Kontrolle über das eigene Leben zu gewinnen und zum Beispiel aus der Krise einer neu aufgetretenen Erkrankung herauszufinden. Trotz erschwerten Umständen können Betroffene lernen, mit den Herausforderungen und Folgen ihrer Erkrankungen umzugehen und die Kontrolle über ihre Lebenssituation zu behalten. Die Selbstmanagement-Förderung ist ein Element der umfassenden Gesundheitsversorgung.
Ihr Ziel ist es, die Behandlung optimal den Bedürfnissen der Betroffenen anzupassen und die gezielte Beanspruchung von Gesundheitsleistungen zu fördern. Zudem gibt es verschiedene weitere Behandlungsangebote wie professionelle Krisenintervention, telefonische Unterstützungsangebote, Kinderschutz, falls die Krise länger anhält. Wenn Personen in Folge einer Krise körperlich oder psychisch erkranken, so sind allenfalls medizinische Behandlungen angezeigt (z. B. Rehabilitation, psychologische Betreuung etc).